03/09/2024

Tunisia and Algeria: Bleak election prospects...


My latest work, on the coming presidential elections in North Africa, in Algeria and in Tunisia


The campaign is drawing to a close in Algeria for a poll that incumbent Abdelmadjid Tebboune is widely predicted to win... Here is what experts have to say on this political moment of the North African country's history:


Few surprises in store as Algeria's presidential election nears


The campaign is drawing to a close for Algeria's presidential election this weekend - a poll that incumbent Abdelmadjid Tebboune is widely predicted to win. Experts say the only real unknown is how many voters will turn out.

Women walk past electoral banners of presidential candidates in Algiers, Algeria,
on 27 August 2024.
 © AP - Fateh Guidoum


https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20240903-few-surprises-in-store-as-algeria-s-presidential-election-nears


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Human rights organisation denounce 'dictatorial' climate ahead of Tunisia's presidential election



Just over a month ahead of the presidential election, many opponents of President Kais Saied have been detained in recent months and presidential candidacies invalidated. Only few challengers have been allowed to run against the leader for the 6 October polls, while civil society denounces an 'unhealthy climate'.


The Tunisian League for Human Rights (LTDH) is one of the organisations which have criticised the power's stranglehold notably on the judiciary.

LTDH's president, Bassem Trifi, said the current political climate was dominated "by a solitary power" and is "not healthy".

According to the Tunisian non-profit organisation, equality between presidential candidates is therefore not assured.

It also denounces the pressure on the media, the lack of fairness in the justice system, as well as verbal political violence and the detention of opponents

This election cannot be considered "in compliance with democratic rules and transparency," the charity added.

Tunisia is "on the verge of becoming a vast prison," according to the organisation.

For the latest, read my story for RFI here:


Tunisian opposition candidate arrested
amid 'dictatorial' pre-election climate





02/09/2024

Energy and climate change: African perspectives

 

Two of my latest stories for RFI: 


Zambia's crippling drought creates chance for solar power to shine



"We can spend up to 44 hours with power," Kelly Huckaby tells RFI from the outskirts of Lusaka. Originally from the United States, he has been based in Zambia since 2010 and runs a Christian ministry that hosts camps and conferences for up to 200 children at a time. A reliable supply of electricity is essential. But the drought that has gripped southern Africa since early this year has led to rolling cuts in a country that relies heavily on hydropower.






Africa's nuclear dreams a fusion of high hopes and high hurdles



The four-day conference aims to address the obstacles hindering the adoption of nuclear energy on the continent. While South Africa remains the only African nation with nuclear power plants, Kenya and Rwanda are eager to follow. This summit is the second major convention on the issue, following a similar event in Accra, Ghana, in October-November 2023. That event was organised by the US Department of Energy in collaboration with the Nuclear Power Institute of the Ghana Atomic Energy Commission.


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more on these issues in my newsletter:


On energy and climate change

African perspectives









31/08/2024

When I wrote a book about that band...

 

Britain and its 'former' empire, music, politics, culture, the Caribbean and the ghosts of transatlantic slavery, colonialism and the Near East... 

Ten years ago exactly in August 2014 I decided to write a book about a band and group of artists who cared about all these topics the way I do.





Historically a centre of the slave trade, Bristol is the hometown of a wealth of internationally renowned artists: Damien Hirst, Banksy, Portishead, Tricky and Massive Attack. 

Author Melissa Chemam says that there is a clear link between those two facts. As people were brought in from across the world, their cultures came with them. 

The result put Bristol ahead of much of the UK when it came to new and different sounds and ideas.



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Read more here: https://www.france24.com/en/20190212-perspective-melissa-chemam-bristol-massive-attack-art-music-culture-diversity-banksy


Chemam’s new book, "Massive Attack: Out of the Comfort Zone", due to be released in March 2019, focuses on that group and how history and their hometown helped them develop their unique sound.

She was drawn to Massive Attack as they took a strong political stance in their music and even concerts. Something that continues as the group mark the 20th anniversary of perhaps their most popular album, "Mezzanine". She tells us that their latest show contains footage that most TV channels would consider too violent, but the group chose to confront their audience with them.

Chemam also discovers that while the group is international in spirit and sound, they still need the protection of Bristol. "If you don’t protect yourself you will become a slave to the system, a product to market," Chemam says, something Bristol’s musicians have done everything to avoid.



27/08/2024

FRANCE: Protests scheduled by students, LFI and trade unions for 7 September

 

Face au coup de force de Macron : mobilisation de tout le pays. 

À l'appel des organisations de jeunesse, nous marcherons le 7 septembre.


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In the face of Macron's coup: mobilisation of the entire country. 

At the call of youth organisations, French people will march on 7 September.




26/08/2024

Palestinian history: interview with historian Ilan Pappé

 

My most important interview of the summer:


For Ilan Pappé, Gaza genocide brings
more urgency to studying
the history and crimes of Zionism


Book Club: Professor & author Ilan Pappé delves into Israel's war on Gaza while discussing the re-publishing of his 2006 book and the release of his latest book 





Melissa Chemam 

24 July, 2024



Though his father was a resistant during the Second World War and his maternal grandmother was a Jewish refugee in London working for la France Libre, led by Charles de Gaulle, he himself is a supporter of far-right ideas.

Fayard “used some technicalities to justify the end of the contract,” Pappé adds.

“I was disappointed to see that, in France, freedom of speech could be suppressed this way. But it goes beyond my case, it has to do with the era we live in, where ideologies and political positions are restricting our freedom of expression, especially when it concerns Palestine.”


Read on from here:


For Ilan Pappé, Gaza genocide brings
more urgency to studying the history
and crimes of Zionism






On Algeria's coming election


My latest for RFI.

Elections are in less than two week. Very short campaign!

More soon. 


Algerian elections

Algerian election campaign marked by social pledges and claims of unfair play







People stand by electoral posters ahead of the 7 September 2024 presidential election
in Algiers, on 21 August 2024.
 AP - Fateh Guidoum


Algeria’s presidential election, set for 7 September, is drawing scrutiny for both the policies at play and a lack of competition. Some 24 million voters will choose from three candidates, including incumbent President Abdelmadjid Tebboune. The narrow field has led to allegations of undemocratic practices, with opposition figures claiming the system is rigged to favour the status quo.


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Read from here:


Algerian election campaign marked by social pledges and claims of unfair play






'Emilia Perez'

 

 Amazing film, not to be missed




25/08/2024

Libération de Paris : Sur les soldats coloniaux écartés puis oubliés

 

  - EN FRANÇAIS - 


Ce week-end, Paris célèbre les 80 ans de la "Libération de Paris", les 24 et 25 août 1944, par les troupes débarquées en Normandie le 6 juin 1944 (connu comme le 'D Day') puis en Provence le 15 août.

De ces batailles, l'histoire retient les interventions héroïques des soldats américains, entrés en guerre assez tard... Et de quelques soldats britanniques.

La France retrouve également son statut d'allié grâce à ces batailles, puis de vainqueur, ce qui lui permet d'obtenir un siège au Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies en 1945.

La réalité est bien sûr plus complexe.

Voici une partie moins connue de l'histoire, celle des soldats des colonies françaises de l'époque.

Les nations africaines n'existaient pas en tant qu'États indépendants au moment de la création de l'ONU. Elles sont encore très peu représentées au sein de leurs institutions.

C'est pourquoi l'histoire compte...

J'ai écrit un article sur la Libération de Paris pour RFI. En voici une version légèrement différente.


Libération de Paris : comment les forces françaises ont été 'blanchies' l'été 1944


La Libération de Paris a eu lieu il y a 80 ans, quelques semaines après le débarquement en Provence, les 24 et 25 août 1944, alors que les nazis avaient comploté pour détruire la capitale française après un soulèvement. 

La France célèbre aujourd'hui les soldats qui se sont battus courageusement pour ces deux jours d'événements, mais certains ont longtemps été oubliés : les combattants des colonies, exclus des célébrations du 26 août 1944, puis de la plupart des batailles du reste de l'année 1944.

La Libération de Paris ne semblait pas être une priorité pour les forces alliées jusqu'au 19 août 1944, lorsqu'un soulèvement a éclaté contre les Allemands dans la capitale française, mené par des membres du mouvement de résistance.

L'écrasement de l'insurrection et la destruction de la ville sont alors ordonnés par le commandant allemand de Paris, le lieutenant-général Choltitz, comme les Allemands l'ont fait à Varsovie.

C’est pour éviter ce désastre que le général Charles de Gaulle insista pour intervenir.

La 2e division blindée française fut envoyée vers Paris et entra dans la capitale le soir du 24 août.

Le 26 août, un immense défilé triomphal eut lieu sur les Champs-Élysées.


Soldats coloniaux


L’armée française était constituée pour plus de la moitié de soldats coloniaux, mais pour les dernières étapes de la libération et les célébrations, ces combattants furent exclus.

« Lorsque la résistance entra triomphalement en France », écrivit l’écrivain américain Ken Chen dans The Nation plus tôt cette année, « l’Armée française libre retint ses soldats noirs africains afin que la libération officielle de Paris apparaisse comme étant accomplie uniquement par des Blancs. »

L'armée française de 1944, commandée par le général Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, comprenait en effet 84 000 colons blancs français basés en Algérie, 12 000 soldats français libres et 12 000 Corses, mais aussi 130 000 soldats dits « musulmans » d'Algérie et du Maroc, et 12 000 membres de l'armée coloniale.

Elle comprenait également des tireurs d'élite venus du Sénégal et des fantassins des possessions françaises du Pacifique et des Antilles.

Le débarquement en Provence avait été un succès, mais le voyage des troupes vers Paris fut marqué par le retrait des combattants africains des rangs de la Première Armée, remplacés par des résistants des Forces françaises de l'intérieur (FFI).

En 1944, les Africains de l'Ouest et les autres conscrits coloniaux constituaient la grande majorité des Forces françaises libres.

Les tirailleurs dit 'sénégalais' avaient été recrutés dans les colonies françaises, dans toute l'Afrique occidentale et centrale, certains volontairement, d’autres par contrainte, un aspect « difficile à mesurer » car, dans les registres, tous les soldats étaient décrits comme volontaires », selon l’historien Anthony Guyon, auteur d’un ouvrage sur les combattants africains dans l’armée française (Tirailleurs sénégalais. De l’indigène au soldat, de 1857 à nos jours, 2022).

La proportion de soldats africains alors dits « indigènes » dans ces unités était supérieure à la moitié des effectifs, et la mobilisation se concentrait principalement sur l’Afrique du Nord, avec notamment un regroupement de troupes françaises d’Afrique du Nord.

Les combattants noirs furent alors progressivement exclus de certaines opérations militaires, et d’autres exclus des célébrations de la libération.

Beaucoup d’entre eux durent rendre leurs uniformes et furent renvoyés chez eux, souvent dans des conditions brutales, avec peu ou pas de moyens.

Certaines pensions furent gelées jusqu’en 1959.


Racisme


Parmi les soldats noirs arrivés en Provence se trouvait le psychiatre Frantz Fanon, auteur anti-colonialiste, qui s’est engagé dans l’armée à seulement 17 ans, après avoir quitté sa Martinique natale pour lutter contre le fascisme en Europe.

Il raconte comment il a été constamment confronté au racisme au sein de l’armée française et dans la vie civile dans son livre pionnier Peau noire, masques blancs, publié en France en 1952.

Fanon et les historiens de l’époque ont décrit ce qu’ils ont appelé une opération de « blanchiment des Forces françaises libres » : la plupart des « gens des colonies » ont été laissés dans le sud, tandis que les soldats « blancs » se sont dirigés vers Paris.

Après la Libération de Paris, à partir de fin novembre 1944, environ 1300 anciens combattants sénégalais ont commencé à protester contre leur mauvais traitement et leur manque de solde.

Des dizaines d'entre eux ont été massacrés par les troupes françaises, et certains des survivants ont ensuite été emprisonnés pendant 10 ans.

Le 1er décembre 1944, des dizaines de soldats africains du camp militaire de Thiaroye près de la capitale sénégalaise Dakar ont même été fusillés pour avoir protesté.


Une alliance « blanche »


Des éléments montrent que le désengagement de certains tirailleurs africains avait été envisagé avant même le débarquement en Provence.

Le général Magnan a d'abord demandé à ses supérieurs que les soldats du 6e régiment de tirailleurs africains soient relevés le 22 mai. Il a d'abord demandé en vain, mais l'idée a rapidement prévalu, selon l'historienne française Claire Miot, auteur de La Première armée française, de la Provence à l'Allemagne - 1944-1945 (2021).

En 2009, la BBC a également découvert des documents révélant le rôle joué par les États-Unis et le Royaume-Uni dans le retrait de ces soldats coloniaux noirs de l’unité qui a conduit les Alliés à reprendre Paris.

« Le commandement allié a insisté pour que tous les soldats noirs soient retirés et remplacés par des soldats blancs d’autres unités », a rapporté Mike Thompson de la BBC. « Lorsqu’il est devenu évident qu’il n’y avait pas assez de soldats blancs pour combler les lacunes, des soldats venus de certaines régions d’Afrique du Nord et du Moyen-Orient ont été utilisés à la place. »

Le haut commandement allié avait même accepté le plan de De Gaulle à condition que la division qui se rendrait à Paris ne contienne aucun soldat noir.

Le chef d’état-major d’Eisenhower, le général de division Walter Bedell Smith, a écrit dans une note confidentielle : « Il est plus souhaitable que la division mentionnée ci-dessus soit composée de personnel blanc. Cela indiquerait que la deuxième division blindée, qui avec seulement un quart de personnel autochtone, est la seule division française opérationnellement disponible qui pourrait être composée à 100 % de personnel blanc. »

Le général britannique Frederick Morgan a également écrit : « Il est regrettable que la seule formation française à 100 % blanche soit une division blindée au Maroc. Une division française sur deux n’est composée que de 40 % de blancs. » Il a demandé aux Français de « produire une division d’infanterie blanche ».

Il a fallu des décennies aux autorités françaises pour souligner le rôle crucial des soldats non blancs dans les combats, les dirigeants politiques d’Afrique du Nord et d’Afrique subsaharienne n’ayant été invités pour la première fois à commémorer le débarquement qu’un demi-siècle après la guerre. 



24/08/2024

History: France and WWII

 

This weekend, Paris celebrates the 80 years of the 'Liberation of Paris', on 24 and 25 August 1944, by troops who landed in Normandy on 6 June 1944 (known as D Day) then in Provence on 15 August.

From these battles, history remembers heroic interventions from US soldiers, who joined the war quite late... And from a few British soldiers.

France also gained its status of ally again thanks to these battles, and later of victor, which allowed the country to get a seat at the United Nations' Security Council in 1945.

The reality is of course more complex.

Here is a less known part of the story, about soldiers from the French colonies of the time.

The African nations didn't exist as independent states at the time of the creations of UN. They are still very poorly represented among their institutions.

That's why history matters...

I wrote a piece about the Liberation for RFI. Here is a slightly different version.


Liberation of Paris: How French forces were whitewashed the summer of 1944



The Liberation of Paris took place 80 years ago a few weeks after the Provence landing, on 24-25 August 1944, as Nazis had plotted to destroy the French capital after an uprising. France celebrates the soldiers who bravely fought for the two-day events, especially those long forgotten: the fighters from the colonies, excluded from the celebrations on 26 August 1944, then of most battles of the rest of 1944.    






The liberation of Paris did not seem like a priority for the Allied forces until 19 August 1944, when an uprising erupted against the Germans in the French capital, led by members of the resistance movement.

The crushing of the insurrection and the destruction of the city were then ordered by the German commander of Paris, Lieutenant-General Choltitz, the way the Germans did in Warsaw.

It was to prevent this disaster that General Charles de Gaulle insisted on interfering.

The 2nd French Armoured Division was sent towards Paris and entered Paris on the evening of 24 August.

On 26 August, a huge triumphal parade was held on the Champs-Élysées.

The French army was more than in half constituted of colonial soldiers, but for the final stages of the liberation and the celebrations these fighters were excluded.

“When the resistance triumphantly marched into France,” American author Ken Chen wrote in The Nation earlier this year, “the Free French Army held back its black African soldiers so that the official liberation of Paris would appear to be accomplished only by whites.”


Colonial soldiers

The French army in 1944, commanded by General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, included 84,000 white French settlers based in Algeria, 12,000 Free French troops and 12,000 Corsicans, but also 130,000 soldiers known as "the Muslims" from Algeria and Morocco, and 12,000 members of the colonial army.

They also included marksmen from Senegal and infantrymen from France's Pacific and West Indies possessions.

The landing in Provence had been a success, but the troops' journey towards Paris was marked by the withdrawal of African fighters from the ranks of the First Army, replaced by resistance fighters from the French Interior Forces (FFI).

By 1944, West Africans and other colonial conscripts made up the vast majority of the Forces françaises libres - or Free French army.

Riflemen had been recruited in the colonies, some voluntarily but others by constraint, an aspect “difficult to measure" because, in the registers, all the soldiers were described volunteers,” according to historian Anthony Guyon, author of a book on African fighters in the French army (Tirailleurs sénégalais. De l’indigène au soldat, de 1857 à nos jours, 2022).

The proportion of then-called “native” African soldiers in these units was more than half of troops, and the mobilisation focused mainly on North Africa, including an amalgamation of French North African troops.

Black fighters were then progressively barred from some of the military operations, and others excluded from the liberation celebrations.

Many of them had to return their uniforms and were sent home, often in brutal conditions, with little to no means.

Some pensions were frozen until 1959.


Racism

Among the black soldiers arriving in Provence was the world-renowned psychiatrist and anti-colonial author Frantz Fanon, who joined the army at only 17 years old, after leaving his homeland of Martinique, to fight against fascism in Europe.

He related how he was constantly confronted with racism, within the French army and in civilian life, in his pioneering book Black Skin, White Masks, published in France in 1952.

Fanon and historians of the period have described what they named an operation of “whitening the Free French Forces”: most of the “people from the colonies” were left in the south, while the white soldiers travelled towards Paris.

After the Liberation of Paris, from late November 1944, around 1300 former Senegalese servicemen started protesting against their poor treatment and lack of pay.

Dozens of them were massacred by French troops, and some of the survivors were subsequently jailed for 10 years.

On 1 December 1944, dozens of African troops at the military camp of Thiaroye near the Senegalese capital Dakar were even shot for protesting.


A 'white' alliance

Evidence shows that the disengagement of some African riflemen had been considered even before the landing in Provence.

General Magnan first asked his superiors that the soldiers of the 6th regiment of African riflemen be relieved on May 22. First he asked in vain, but the idea soon prevailed, according to French historian Claire Miot, author of The First French Army, from Provence to Germany - 1944-1945 (2021).

In 2009, the BBC also uncovered documents revealing how the US and the UK played their role in the removal of these black colonial soldiers from the unit that led the Allied to recapture of Paris.

“Allied Command insisted that all black soldiers be taken out and replaced by white ones from other units," the BBC’s Mike Thompson reported. "When it became clear that there were not enough white soldiers to fill the gaps, soldiers from parts of North Africa and the Middle East were used instead.”

Allied High Command had actually even agreed on De Gaulle’s plan on the condition that the division going to Paris should not contain any black soldiers.

Eisenhower's Chief of Staff, Major General Walter Bedell Smith, wrote in a confidential memo: "It is more desirable that the division mentioned above consist of white personnel. This would indicate the Second Armoured Division, which with only one fourth native personnel, is the only French division operationally available that could be made one hundred percent white.”

British General Frederick Morgan also wrote: “It is unfortunate that the only French formation that is 100 percent white is an armoured division in Morocco. Every other French division is only about 40 percent white. He requested that the French "produce a white infantry division.”

It took French authorities decades to highlight the crucial role of non-white soldiers in the fighting, with political leaders from North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa first invited to commemorate the landings only half a century after the war.